An escape ...

I felt like I was in some kind of stupid adventurous reality show and felt like bumping myself on that hard shell of murky den. Meanwhile, I consoled as my faith did. Nonetheless, my destiny overturned me. Hell out of the bloody world I tried and escaped, but couldn't gear up my lanky legs. The rescuer heard my breath but unaware he was standing there quite. Harder my fingers tried to speak but his ruffled mind did not respond at all. I coerced my vision to steal a look and there I reach an absurd state of my mind, I break a creepy laughter, because all sides with intimidating darkness had enfolded me.
And then, I landed on a huge platform after years of my flight, nobody beside and in the front, neither at the furthest horizon I saw birds flying towards anywhere. But I had to land to rule that exotic settle. Bells ringing, faintly, I could hear, far away somewhere, god knows where. I climbed a cliff, daringly trying to reach the bell. My feet went cold and numb. Eventually, I gained consciousness and found radium stars twinkling green on my ceiling, and there my alarm playing the most irritating track. Thank god, it was just a dream.

Father's Day Letter!

Dear daddy,

I'm so proud to be your daughter DADYY ...
It's u who encouraged me pedal my first ride, I remember how I rushed to embrace you after my first day at school, solved the most difficult mathematical problems back home (oh! how I hated homeworks), watched those terrifying horror midnight shows on your comfy lap, experienced with you the most tricky times of life (esp. my first blood test), how I missed singing 'goodnight' songs to eachother during my hostel days; how your sleep snores swayed away my so called silly 'nosocomephobia' (m not shy to say tht m afraid of hospitals); your happy eyes when I first got my car license. Even today, at this 23rd year of my life, Dadu, you've been an antiseptic to my aches; u never denied or failed to fulfill my lil to big wishes ... & I promise to keep that pride forever and always be the same caring dady's lil daughter.
I Love You Daddyyy :)

♥ Your's loving daughter ♥

# EXAM TIME #

Q. How does online redefine the notion of mass communication? Discuss with suitable examples.

Ans: Mass communication is simply a process to influence (inform, entertain and persuade) a large group of people (audiences) by disseminating the messages employing technical mediums that involve electronic media and often print. It is considered to be one of the branches of communication that through communication process affects the widely dispersed audiences.

Mass communication generally, in a broader sense defines the process of message dissemination via traditional media like newspaper, magazines, films, radio, television, etc where as online, technically, is introduced as an emerging trend of two way communication, in the field of mass communication. Online is a term that is connected to the internet. With the access to internet the whole world is in the state of experiencing media convergence. Online has evolved the sense of virtual reality. With the benefits of accessing internet, socializing and commercializing has progressed. Online has also accommodated the freedom of expression.

As said, ‘nothing in this world is permanent but the change’, media-morphosis is actually taking place. With the development of traditional media, the practice and medium is transforming simultaneously, and ‘online media’ is strong evidence.
Online media stands alone as a mass communication medium that embodies the convergence of electronic and print media. The merging of audio, video, text and graphics with animation creates communication among individuals providing them with news, entertainment and information. Advanced computer technologies and internet connectivity has revolutionized the world of gathering, organizing, presenting and disseminating information. For example, Youtube is considered to be the most popular video sharing website, where millions of videos in the form of news/entertainment/education/information are uploaded and shared every single day. Facebook is considered to be the most popular social networking sites that connects millions of families, relatives and friends together, also allowing the service to share and upload videos, photos and text in the form of comments likewise, twitter is another social networking site. Online news portals shares all kinds of news and informations allowing two way communication in the form of feedback and comments. Today, many of us download books from internet that are called e-books, we download journals, documents, etc. We have online newspapers and magazines; for example, Kantipur publishes its print as well as runs an online version at ekantipur.com. Along with a rise in cyberspace and virtual community, Video logging and blogging has turned out to be well surfed expression sites. We are aware of all the incidents, events and affairs that are happening beyond pacific ocean, because of convergence.

Asia has the largest percentage of internet users in the world that’s exactly 44% of the total whereas Europe is the second largest. Yet, we cannot deny the fact that Nepal being an Asian country still lacks behind. Many parts of this country lag electricity power, internet access is beyond imagination. Illiteracy and ignorance have blocked the reach of traditional and online media content.


Q. Discuss citizen journalism. Also discuss how the online media have been vital in the development of citizen journalism.

Ans: Citizen journalism is the voice of the citizen expressing, analyzing and debating on certain issues, situation and events. Citizen journalists are those individuals who play an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information. In the world of uncertainty, incidents can occur in a while; accidents can happen in a blink, professional reporter may not timely show their presence to report the actual incident. A citizen can report by himself the actual story. Citizen journalism with certain delimitation allows a citizen to express and share their own views and opinions via posts, comments on blogs and websites or by uploading and sharing videos and photos. For example, in context to some Nepalese way of expression, different satirical cartoons have been published in newspapers regarding political instability in the country. Likewise, we can find people sharing photos regarding accidents, events ad notes in social networking sites.

Many times contradictory issues are also expressed because of which there is a contested debate on citizen journalism challenging the professional traditional journalism.

Main stream media, which was the only primary news source in pre-internet era has been challenged today with an emergence of online media. Online journalism has widened its scope in journalism, also broadening the quality and quantity of its content. It stands out merging the crowds of main stream contents. Online journalism is all about reporting the facts and informing the audiences at large scale. Online media have played a fundamental role in developing citizen journalism. It is all about placing critical and personal views, thoughts and opinion by methods of blogging, posts and comments in websites and portals and media channels, sharing photos and videos on personal blogs and social networking sites, etc. all these are possible and active only during online connectivity. Online connectivity allows to create one’s own blogs and wesites where people can express their views and comments, fundamental to citizen journalism.


Q. Discuss functions and dysfunctions of Web 2.0 and social media with suitable examples.

Ans: Web2.0 is considered to be just another version of World Wide Web. Its website allows the users to do more than just retrieve information. Web2.0 and social media is internet based service of second generation that helps in online collaboration and sharing things in internet with the help of wikis, podcast, micro blogging, weblogs, social blogs, etc. Social networking sites come inside. It can be used to communicate online with people and the main advantage is that not only people can use this service but service can be used in podcasting, blogging, social networking and social bookmarking.

Functions:
-Individuals can express to the society via their own blogs. Citizen journalism can take a huge leap.
-Individual can open up their creativity and ways of expression by creating their own websites.
-Photos and videos sharing allows a maximum news/information/entertainment flow.
-Social bookmarking stores and allows users to comment on their favourite web resources and share them with others.
-Networking is effective. With the help of social networking sites people can connect to their relatives and friends staying far away. It also helps find a lost friend.

Dysfunctions:
-Errors can introduce once there is an overload of information or any kind of files.
-High chances of introducing false notifications and informations.
-Its ineffective usage or misuse can lead to harm in the self reputation.
-The informations are transparent.
-Fake authority and identity
-Too complex and contradictory expression may lead to trouble.


SHORT NOTES:

Q. Mark Zukerberg

Mark Zukerberg is a well known personality, known to be the co-founder, chairman and a chief executive of the most popular social networking site called ‘Facebook’. He is a computer programmer and an internet entrepreneur. After facebook he also launched a peer-to-peer file sharing service called Wirehog, which was known to be the precursor to Facebook platform application. Since his childhood, he had keen interest in computers and used to create new programs. When he was 12, he used AtariBASIC to create a messaging program and named it ‘Zucknet’ which was used by his father later in his dental office. To keep his interest in computers his parents hired a personal tutor.

Zukerberg, in 2007, was announced as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35 and he was named to MIT Technology Review TR35. Zuckerberg is also considered to be one of the 100 wealthiest man and most influential people in the world by Time magazine’s Person of the Year.

TIME takes TIME

Time is temporary
But wen it comes back, brings a new time along
Everything may not be perfect for this time
But the right time is always near
Time flies
In a blink, everything is changed
Time transforms
For nothing remains the same
Time gives and time takes
Abandons and forgive to make ...

Nepal's biggest 'Bottle House' at Pharping

Riju Shrestha
Lalitpur

Can you ever imagine of a house made of bottles? Not indeed but only in imagination, right? To many of you, this may come as an unrealistic package but today, creativity has dragged evolution beyond the imagination. 'Bottle House' in the rural Pharping is a living edifice that has ingeniously employed thousands of waste bottles that are of no use.

This eco-friendly house construction project was conceptualized by an American professor and an eco-architect Bill Hutchins, who has also worked in a waste management sector. Before construction of Nepal’s biggest bottle house at Sheshnarayan VDC, he had developed a concept and demonstration of ‘a poor man house’ at Khahare in Chalnakhel VDC of Pharping.

“Demonstration of this poor man house concept, when proved to be inexpensive to the poor people, inspired for the replication of Nepal’s biggest eco-friendly bottle house at Sheshnarayan’’ said Sandesh Subedi, who was involved in the project since its inception.

The idea of the project was put into action with a mutual aid of A School for Community (ASC) and Shikharapur Community Learning Centre (SCLC) and also with an equal technical co-operation and assistance of Kevin Rohan Memorial Eco Foundation in Chalnakhel.

The construction process took nearly six months. It involved used and thrown 9000 empty glass bottles collected from various dumping sites. They are stacked one on top of the other, each attached to the mixture of sand, straw and waste hairs of human and animals. The bottles are placed in such a way so that the opening of the bottles forms the outer side of the walls. “According to a research conducted by the team, a restaurant dumps 100-150 bottles per week from places like Pharping, Lalitpur, Nuwakot and Balaju”, said Subedi.






‘’This alternative brick house perfectly suits the varying climate and temperatures inside and outside, providing earthquake resistant walls. The most overwhelming aspect about the house is that it twinkles at night when the lights are put on inside and the only fear is the probable damages caused to the bottles’’, shared Subedi.

Currently, this eco-friendly house has been transformed into an agriculture teaching school named as “Shikharapur Sustainable Farmers School” and is successfully imparting pragmatic knowledge on organic farming and agriculture to the local inhabitants.

RADIO

भनु कसलाई ?

माया मोहको यो दल्दलमा
त्यागुँ कसलाई, अप्नाउँ कसलाई

जीवनको यो जनजालमा
मानु कसलाई, विश्वास गरूँ कसलाई

हृदय र दिमागको खेलमा
जिताउँ कसलाई, हराउँ कसलाई

मानिस र मुकुटको यो मेलामा
असली मानु कसलाई, नकली कसलाई

प्रतियोगीहरूको यो मैदानमा
अह्राउ कसलाई

दुखी पात्रहरूको यो दुनियाँमा
हसाउँ कसलाई

चिस्सीरहेछन् सबै रमाइला मन
नचाउँ कसलाई ।।।

- अब यो गुनासो सुनाउ कसलाई -

~ Her Perfect Wedding Bells ~

1st May 2012

This shouldn’t have been a shocking news for me but it was. Early morning around ten, I got a call from an unknown number, I quickly prepared my brain during four seconds of ring and another two seconds I collected all curses to spit on that bluffer. I quickly pressed on my answer button, and threw a bold ‘Hello’. She answered ‘Hello, Riju? Ma Shweta…’ Oh yes, she was ‘her’ on the phone. I din’t recognize her heavy voice. I mumbled for few seconds to myself and finally she came up with destination ‘Bhadrapur ko!’. Yes, it was her, Shweta, my school friend. No, no don’t guess, its not her wedding. It was after like two years I had heard from her. She sounded so different. In fact, she never had a perfect nepali tone in school as well, we often teased her for fun. And then all my curses swayed away.
She had called in to invite us for Rucha’s wedding. Rucha is also my school friend. We all were class mates for like big thirteen years. We knew about her engagement but wedding was supposedly too soon. I thought she could wait for like a year or two. Anyways, she was getting married that sort of news poured heavy excitement in me. Actually, Most of my school friends got married but this was the first one I was attending and that filled double excitement in me. And multiple excitements evoked when I realized that I’ll be meeting most of my school friends there.

Girls are girls. Nomatter what, they have to look preety, I think that’s too cute to use, they have to look ‘beautiful’. Reception ground turns out to be a competition field, imagination begins, make-up, dresses, accessories ‘Ow I don’t have a match! My pair is missing’ and stuffs and finally, when you end up planning with a saree to wear, you don’t find better heels and at last when you are done with all ‘Aww, I can’t walk in heels’ drives you god knows to which heaven. That din’t create much of a problem to me coz I was pretty sure about my picture the people would get to see that night. In fact, I wasn’t sure about Rucha. Honestly, I couldn’t even scribble a bridal picture of her in my mind, forget about the sketch, I mean she was totally a tomboy and I liked her carefree attitude. I couldn’t stop thinking about her, though my night ended perfectly.

I set all ready to move. I blushed and bloomed myself as I had planned. My hair got a perfect touch up with a high puff and my very old style of slight fringes in front. I needed in fact, they are worst than the split ended brooms, sometimes, especially during occasions, when I have no time and no plans for any kind of hair do. But this time, all was set. I had plenty of time to decorate myself. Saree has always been my favourite, heels never attracted me the most, but I put them together always.

I tell you, a dream wedding it was. The set up so perfect and grand, I couldn’t stop myself imagining one for me. We arrived a bit early, so we had plenty of time for posing in front of lenses, which I always loved. Rucha, arrived. She was surrounded by beautiful ladies, I must say. I recognized two of them, one was her aunt and her elder sister. All were dresses perfectly. My eyes din’t even deceive a glance from Rucha. She was fully decorated top to bottom but she wasn’t wearing red. It was weird but some people have different culture of bridal dresses I suppose. She was wearing this heavily decorated pinkish gorgeous lehenga, a natthi, and line of preety bindiz above eyebrows. She looked pretty nervous, her smile covered limited space on her face, I guessed because of make-up. I can say, she was uncomfortable but it suited her and she was happy. I couldn’t take my eyes off her. Meanwhile, I got engaged in my hanky-panky talks that wore non-sensible philosophical attire, at least it could mask those boring talks about business and studies. We all had gathered after a very long time, nodoubt a perfect vegetarian dine and most appreciably luscious dessert followed to add some more fun.

Music men played a typical song about groom, we quickly guessed he was here. Everyone gathered around a huge circular stage, prepared for warmala ceremony. Both bride and the groom steadily moved towards each other and placed warmala on each other. Rucha’s delicate bridal smile was noticeable. They looked perfect together like they say ‘a match made in heaven’. Meanwhile, the stage started rotating slowly, and the most attractive part was the blossom shower, totally filmy yet adorable.

We all wished her the best of the best wishes. Every threads of life is weaved beautifully, one should only realize as to when and where should the knots be tied. Every wedding bells look beautiful, sounds beautiful, one should only realize as to when and how should they be played and led.

Learning about Films "Interaction with Bikash Acharya''

25th April 2012
Wednesday

It was early afternoon, as we had planned earlier, our next class with Mr. Bikash Acharya, a well known director and a script writer in Nepali Film Industry and also a member of Film Development Board Nepal, turned out to be a worthy interaction at his own office building in Old Baneshwor.

We all reached there by 10:30 as informed by our lecturer Mr. Prem Luitel. He is our visiting faculty for television, this semester. He is the one who arranged this meeting for conversation. It was of great appreciation, without his guidance and support, learning and sharing opinions with such a personality and brain wouldn’t have been possible.

I hurried and relaxed myself on a squishy sofa right in front. Room wasn’t too big but spacious enough to adjust fourteen of us, unfortunately, we were just eleven. So, we tidily adjusted ourselves.

All of us introduced ourselves one by one from last. Waiting my turn, I initiated whirling my mind in search of words. I gathered them inside as fast as I could. At last it went perfect. I’m perfect at this.

Perfect! Okay, I lied.

I’m pretty bad at introducing myself sometimes.

Okay, I lied again.

In fact, most of the time. I literally forget important things that I need to mention.

It was good enough though. Actually, I’m not really interested in film-making process but the presentation factor attracted me the most. I think this quality poured that dramatic essence in me that half of the bodies enjoys and half complains about. I lost in his words though I was familiar with most of the parts of his story. He believes that he is one of the most educated in this field before Rajesh Hamal. He shared his experiences in film-making in Nepal, where most of the social factors were the obstructions, where actors demanded for monotonous typical roles, where scripts changed within a blink as per demand of actors or producers, where criticism dominated inspiration, where negative remarks overtook affable comments, where imitation worked more than own creation, where more than fifty movies were produced each year and not even fifty percent audiences watched them.

We then moved towards long and strong discussion as to how has mischievous and offensive scenes affected the viewers, as to what sort of impact has nudity and slangs put upon individual and society.

Finally, we wrapped up around 2 owing Mr. Acharya, a bottle of cold-drinks to all. And me and my team moved towards our next project, smiling at the scorching sun, seeking the next destination, as assigned by Mr. Luitel.

It wasn’t a bad day but indeed, wasn’t a good day too.

Mr.Acharya's recently released movies: 'NAAI NA BHANNU LA' & 'MA TIMRO BHAISAKEN'

Biography:

NAME: BIKASH ACHARYA
EDUCATION - M.A in Culture (T.U.) - M. Phil in Archeology (Bergen University, Norway) OCCUPATION - Film Making
PRODUCED
Sannani
Ragat
Maha Dev
Sauta
Nai Nabhannu La
DIRECTION
Nasib Aphno
Nai Nabhannu La
Ma timro bhaisaken
WRITTEN
Mama Ghar
Kartawya
Himmat
Kismat
Yudwa
Kaha Bhetiyela
Nasib Aphno
Ma Timi Bina Marihalchhu
Hasi Deu Eka Phera
Daag Nametieko Ghau
Nai Nabhannu La etc.
AWARDED
Best Director 2009 (Movie "Nasib Aphno")
Best Writer 2007 (Movie "Jiwan Data")
Best Writer 2008 (Movie "Kismat")
Best Writer 2009 (Movie "Ma Timi Bina Malihalchhu")
National Award 2008 ("movie "Daiko Sasurali")
Mahendra Bidhya Bhusan ( M.A. in Culture)

Biography Sources: http://www.filmykhabar.com/celebrities/bikash_acharya/

आसुँ कवी बन्ने सानो प्रयास

न भन त्यस्तो, न भन त्यस्तो, केवल म बन्न सक्छु तिम्रो सहारा भनी लगाउनु सम्म लगायोउ मलाई एक्लोपन को बानी मिलनको पर्खाइमा बिछोडलाई अङालेकी मैले न हास्न सक्ने न त रुन सक्ने, यो कस्तो चोट दियोउ तिम्ले ।। हासोको मुकुट मेरो अनुहारमा अटाउन मानेन, अब यो बिडम्बना म ढाकु कसरी, पिरोलिएको मेरो यो मनलाई अब म फकाउ कसरी ।। कल्पनामा तैरिरहने मेरा भावनालाई के दोश दीउु र म आफ्नो एस्तो अवस्थामा, तेस्लाई सम्हालु कसरी तिम्रो सम्झना बुढो रुखको जडोझै गड्यो मेरो मनमा, न फुकाउन मिल्ने न त जोड्न नै मिल्ने, यो कस्तो नाता गास्योउ तिम्ले ।।

TRISHNAA

I bury myself under a blue sky, because I feel dizzy, my night begins early before I get to see any stars twinkling above. My bed isn’t soft; it’s a common path for everybody. I wear a sando and half-pant, tacky and shabby. A rough, ragged old sack is the only friend of mine, whom I could play with. I ail and sometimes I even yell in pain. I am in pain because of my habits. I smoke, I inhale substances. I like the smell of dendrite. Passerby stares at me in surprise, some shocked but I care none of their reactions towards me because I do what I like. I yell in pain sometimes, these stuffs aren’t gifted to me, I try and purchase them. I wake up every morning for sake of being in pleasure of pain. I search, I search everywhere in a hope that I could at least find a penny to get what I want. My day then begins with a hunt for money. I beg people. I request politely to the passerby but all that they give me is fuming stare sometimes even get slapped that is why most of the time I target my innocence towards women. Some of them show sympathy but that doesn’t matter, all that matters is money to me. Finally, at the end of the day, I have enough money to erase my “trishnaa” and I laze on my bed and bury myself under the blue sky again.

तिम्रो यादमा ...

त्यो उकाली ओरालीमा बलियो तिम्रो साथ गुद्गुदाउने शब्द ती मनै छुने बात अब सताउछ मनलाई दिलाउछ तिम्रो याद ... दर्पनले गिज्याउछ देख्छु केवल तिमीलाई भनि खस्खसाउछ घाँटी लट्पटाउछ बोली गर्छु शृंगार आउछ केवल तिम्रो याद ... लेख्न बस्छु गीत खोज्छु लय खोज्छु संगीत बहाना माग्छु मनलाई गुन्गुनाउन पुग्छु त्येही प्रीत जस्ले दिलाउछ तिम्रो याद ...

This isn't "his-story" but its "her-story"

He shows himself in such a way … she can't veil her fear
She coerces her tired eyes to snooze but they only project her times of terror
Tears roll down …pour there... Down to her pillow
She is in pain but,
She manages to sleep calm …
He shows no mercy, he pins her badly...
All night she manages his obsession,
Only lonely nights to console her...
But her wounds burn her alive, everyday
She is longing to breathe,
Longing to take that 'sigh of relief'
She tries to wake up smiling,
Synchronizes her steps towards a dreadful path,
Manages to dispose her dead spirit of last night
And…
Tonight again, she sleeps holding her spirits tight …

(A true story in my words)

FORLORN

Howling wind and the dancing trees
Lifeless days drive me insane
I crawl to the place where I don’t wanna go
M dancing to a silent music!!
Weird the whole thing is so weird
I can’t figure out this situation
What do I want n what m I waiting for??!!
May be,
Waiting for a perfect day …
With a hope that someone would find me
A lump in my throat, lonesome me
But I’ll try and not cry,
What if I could rule upon u Mr. Time?
Yeah, apparently I am ruling over time
I wanna know who steals my wishes from the falling star
Certainly wanna ask, “Who do u think u r??”
I m tangled to this mighty darkest world
And nobody wanna seek me,
Not even tries to
But I have to tidy myself
I realize now, I have to do it myself …

Approaching ethics: Deontological, Teleological and Situational ethics

Deontological Ethics:
This approach is also known as duty-based/ action based approach. This is a Greek word ‘Deon=obligation, duty’ and logy. The term deontological was first used in 1930, in C.D Broad’s book, “Five types of Ethical Theory”.
This approach mainly focuses on duty or actions but least considered about the consequences or results unlike the utilitarianism. This approach is contrasted to the consequentialism (i.e, teleological approach). Some moral absolutists deontologists believe that some actions are wrong no matter what consequences follows form them. Example- Immanuel Kant. This theory (i.e., Kant’s theory of deontological approach) looks at the input rather than the outcomes. This theory examines the nature of actions (whether the action is right or wrong) and will of agents and judges the morality rather than focusing on the goals achieved. The main reason of it being action oriented is that it holds a philosophical belief that says “future are beyond our control” despite our hard work. We owe appraisal because of our deeds, not our achievements.
Indeed, this does not mean that Kant did not care about the outcomes of our actions rather he insisted that as far as the moral evaluation of our action was concerned, consequences did not matter. For instance, when a doctor treats his patients, he should have knowledge about the result of that treatment, in order to determine what would and would not benefit the patient. But the consequence is not what makes the act right as is the case with the utilitarianism. “Consequences help us find what our duty is; they are not what make something our duty”. If action is wrong, the whole thing is considered to be immoral. Like in case of wars between Nazis and Jews, we can say, the principle can be applied. In this case, you would be considered to be immoral if you lied to Nazis about where Jews were hiding. Thus, the moral absolutist deontologist Kant argues that if an action is performed at a bad maxim (e.g. I will lie) although it results to some good changes, the action is considered to be wrong. But according to Ross, if a lie brings some good, then it is considered the right thing to do.

Teleological Ethics:
This is a kind of ethics approach where actions are judged morally right based upon their consequences. This ethics theory discussed that in order to make correct moral choices; we have to have some understanding of what will result from our choices. The word teleology comes from Greek ‘telos’=end, purpose. Teleological ethics is a counter approach to the deontological ethics. One example of teleological ethics is ‘utilitarianism’. It states those actions right that produces the greatest number of happiness to the greatest number of people. In this approach, an end justifies the means. A thing, process or action is teleological when it is for the sake of final cause (end). There are two types of final cause- intrinsic and extrinsic finality. The two major influential contributors to this theory are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Under this ethical approach, morality is judged by the outcome as to what kind of outcome has driven the means. This approach follows an absolute distinction between right and wrong. Suppose, a stealing act, the rightness or wrongness of this act is solely a matter of the overall non-moral good (e.g. pleasure, happiness, health, knowledge or satisfaction of an individual desire) produced in the result of doing that act.

Situational Ethics:
This theory was first postulated during the 1960s by Joseph Fletcher. It is considered to be the Christian ethical theory. In situational approach, ‘ends can justify the means’. There are no ethical standards that can be uniformly or consistently applied, for each situation demands for its own standard of ethics. Under this ethics you may commit something for sake of love or in love and in no-intension of hurting somebody rather caring about them and their sensitivity. There are people who say, a lie is a lie no matter what consequences follow them and there are some who say, a lie is never a lie if it does follow some good consequences. But the whole matter lies within what kind of situation is followed by these actions and results. Suppose the situation goes like this: a man is running away from a group of people who are about to kill him, a chaser comes and asks you about the man trying to escape and I personally think about this from the side of humanity that I ought to save him from that group of men who are trying to kill him because I certainly know the consequence that he will get killed, so I lie. And according to this ethical approach, it is no harm to view a situation (even if that may lead to bad results) from the eyes of humanity. This approach says that actions aren’t considered bad and harmful until and unless it is performed with a wrong intension. If a motive drives you to cause harm to somebody, that motive is utterly unethical. In a nutshell, it’s no harm to steal something if the intention is to feed a starving child.
References:
• Linsley, A. (2008). Deontological Approach to Ethics. Retrieved June 2, 2011, from http://college-ethics.blogspot.com/2008/04/deontological-approach-to-ethics.html
• Alexander, L., Moore, M. (2007). Deontological Ethics. Retrieved May 26, 2011, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/
• Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics (2011). Types of Ethical Systems. Retrieved June 5, 2011, from http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/phil/blfaq
• Wikipedia (2011). Situational Ethics. Retrieved June 10, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_ethics
• http://www.journalism.wisc.edu/~kbculver/coursesites/j411/notes/2_4_ethics.pdf

Journalism As social institution

Social Institution is an organization that is critical to the socialization process, it provides a support system for individuals as they struggle to become members of a larger social network. A social institution consists of all the structural components of a society through which the main concerns and activities are organized and social needs such as those for order, belief, and reproduction are met. It refers to a social group of positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role. Gillen and Gillen defines “a social institution is a functional configuration of culture pattern which processes certain permanence and which is intended to satisfy felt social needs”.
The major institution in the society include the family, education, work and economy, the political institution and religion and health care as well as mass media , organized sports and military. Like many other institution journalism is also a distinctive social institution. Journalism is a established and organized system of social behavour with a recognized purpose. Journalism has its centrality in social processes and transfers knowledge from research to the relevant social institutions such as legislatures, regulatory authorities, media organizations, journalism education and training and the journalists themselves. Journalism have emerged as a social institution fulfilling many of the functions that are nolonger being served by traditional social institutions such as family, church and school. Journalism furnishes a safe place for people to discuss media, these discussions operate within limits. Journalism provides indirect access to subcultures within a country as well as indirect contact with other countries. In countries where media are state owned recognize the power of media as a social institution. These governments use the media to support the political agenda of the government.

MEDIA SYSTEM IN EASTERN EUROPE

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the region lying in the eastern part of the Europe. It is the region lying between the central Europe and western Asia, with main characteristics consisting in Byzantine, Orthodox and limited Ottoman influences. The United Nations statistics division developed a selection of geographical regions and groupings of countries and areas, under these following ten countries were classified as Eastern Europe-

1. Belarus

2. Bulgaria

3. Czech Republic

4. Hungary

5. Moldova

6. Poland

7. Romania

8. Russia

9. Slovakia

10. Ukraine

According to CIA World Fact book- states location as Eastern Europe- Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine.

Media System in ALBANIA-

Albania is the country which lies at the eastern region of the Europe. Officialy, Albania is known as Republic of Albania. Albania covers 28,748 sq.km area with 3,510,484 population.

Number of television stations: 9

Number of television sets: 405,000

Television sets per 1,000: 115.4

Number of Radio stations: 21

Number of Radio receivers: 810,000

Radio receivers per 1,000: 230.7

Number of individuals with computer: 25,000

Computers per 1000: 7.1

Number of individuals with internet access: 3,500

Internet Access per 1,000: 1.0

The gradual economic and political disintegration of the Ottoman empire in the late nineteenth century and the empire’s military defeats in the twentieth century against successful nationalistic waves of independence by Serbians, Romanians, Greeks, Montenegrins and Bulgarians provided the Albanian people with the opportunity to seek their own independence. During the next five years all opposition to Hoxha’s communist government was eradicated. The media was seized by communist authorities in 1944 but not nationalized until 1946. All media forms were used to instill Marxist values and justify communist rule. The press, radio and television urged implementations of communist economisc programs and supported anti-religious campaigns and literacy promotions. All newspapers were under the control of communist government. Albania’s few radio and television stations spoke only the communist credo. In 1990 Albania re-organized itself into a multiparty democracy. Students unrest in 1990 led to violent clashes. The political party, the Democratic Front and its daily newspaper, “Bashkimi”, covered the clashes, arrests and police activity.

In 1996 Albania published five national dailies with a combined circulation of 116,000. In 1995 the four largest newspapers were the Albanian language morning dailies Zeri I Popullit, 35,000 circulation; Koha Jone, 30,000 circulation; Rilindja Demokratike, 10,000 circulation; and the Albanian and Italian language morning daily Gazeta Shqiptare, 11,000 circulation. Dy Drina is published in northern Albania and has a circulation of 1,000. According to 1995 statistics, general-interest biweekly periodicals circulated as follows: Alternativa, published by the Social Democratic Party, 5,000 readers; Bashkimi, published by the Democratic Front, 5,000 readers; and Republika, published by the Republican Party, 8,000 readers. Weekly general interest periodicals are Ax, 6,000 readers; Drita, 4,000 readers; and Zeri I Rinise, a Youth Confederation publication, 4,000 readers. Lajmi I Dites, published by the ATS News Agency, has three issues per week and a circulation of 5,000. Special interest publications are the monthlies Albanian Economic Tribune in both Albanian and English with 5,000 readers; Arber, published by the Ministry of Culture with 5,000 readers, and Bujqesia Shqiptare, published by the Ministry of Agriculture with 3,000 readers. Weekly special interest periodicals are Mesuesi, published by the Ministry of Education, 3,000 circulation, and Sindikalisti, circulation 5,000. The University of Triana publishes the biweekly Studenti, with a circulation of 5,000, and the quarterly Gruaja Dhe Koha has 1,000 readers. The quarterly Media Shqiptare, founded in 1999, caters to journalists and provides news about the profession. The Albanian print media is generally characterized as an extension of political parties. It is perceived as more opinion than factually based. Albanian newspapers have distribution problems. They are sold in the cities, which omit 60 percent of the population residing in the countryside. Newspapers lack adequate revenue to cover printing costs and salaries for a professional staff. Since 1999 newspaper circulation has dropped from 75,000 to 50,000 readers. A majority of Albanians believe that the print media are a negative national influence. Polls indicate that Albanians prefer to receive their news via electronic means. Albania has had one government owned radio station, Radiotelevizioni Shqiptar. The nation's previously government-owned television station is also called Radiotelevizioni Shqiptar. In 1999, both stations were merged into a public entity no longer financed by the state and without direct linkage to the government. Radiotelevizioni Shqiptar (RTSH; Albanian Radio Television) is under the jurisdiction of the National Council for Radio and Television and regulated by a committee whose members are chosen by Albania's parliament.

Albania is poorly represented in the telecommunications field with an obsolete wire system. Telephone wires were cut in 1992 by villagers and used to build fences. There is no longer a single telephone for each Albanian village. It is estimated that there are two telephones for every 100 Albanians. The lack of a telecommunications network is being alleviated by Vodafone Albania, a subsidiary of Vodafone Group Plc. Vodafone competes with Albania Mobile Communications (AMC) for the sale of cell phones in a nation without regular telephone communications. State run Albtelecom was privatized in 2002. Albtelecom has two Internet Service Provider licenses supporting ISDN and NT connections in five major Albanian cities and plans to expand and serve the university population. The competition of all three companies will allow Albania to catch up in the telecommunications industry on a level compatible with the European Union nations.

International communication is frequently carried by microwave radio relay from Tirana to either Greece or Italy. During the communist era radio and television were exclusively used for propaganda purposes. In 1992 the government owned and operated all 17 AM radio stations and the sole FM station, which broadcast two national programs as well as regional and local programs throughout the country. Popular Albanian broadcast frequencies are AM 16 and FM 3. There are two short-wave frequencies. Albania has nine television stations. Programming is broadcast in eight languages and reaches Albanians in Africa, the Middle East, North and South America, and Europe. Until the early 2000s all radio and television stations were broadcast exclusively over government-controlled frequencies and were usually propaganda based. This has changed significantly with the restructuring of the RTSH. In 1999 new privately owned radio and television stations began to emerge to compete with the print media for circulation. At least 50 television and 30 radio stations competed with the RTSH, formerly run by the state. To control a proliferation of broadcast media stations the government approved new licensing requirements. The national council of Radio and Television was created to regulate the licensing of radio and television stations. The council’s membership is equally divided between the government and the opposition political parties.The National Council for Radio-Television regulates broadcasting. The president appoints one member, and the Commission on the Media, which is made up of representatives selected equally by the government and the opposition parties, chooses six members. The National Council broadcasts a national radio program and a second radio program from 14 stations. Statistics for 1997 indicated that Albanians owned 810,000 radios and 405,000 television sets. In 2000, many Albanian television stations operated illegally without government licenses. There were 120 applications with 20 television stations competing for two national channels. The National Council for Radio and Television granted the two national channels to TV Klan and TV Arberia. TV Shijak, one of the television losers, criticized the decision as being politically motivated. Other television stations were granted licenses for local broadcasting including TV Teuta. Most television and radio stations are joint ventures with Italian companies. Despite the criticism, Albanian media is increasing in number and reflecting the political and economic stability of the nation. RTSH tends to provide more government information as it makes the transition to a private network system. It is the only station to broadcast throughout the entire country. Radio Koha, Radio Kontakt, Radio Stinet, Radio Top Albania, and Radio Ime are Albanian's most popular radio stations. Their programming emphasizes music, news, and call-in shows. Albanians receive FM broadcasts from the Voice of America, British Broadcasting Corporation, and Deutsche Welle on short wave.

Electronic media in Albania is a relatively recent addition to the media. The list of electronic media is growing at a rapid rate. AlbaNews is a mailing list dedicated to the distribution of new and information about Albania, Kosovo, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Albanian living around the world. Major contributors to AlbaNews are Kosova Information Center, OMRI, Albanian Telegraphic Agency, Council for the Defense of Human rights and Freedoms in Kosova, and Albanian Weekly (Prishtina). Electronic Media newsgroups for Albania include soc.culture.albanian, bit.listserv.albanian, clari.news.Europe.Balkans, alt. news.macdeonia, soc.cuture.yugoslavia, and soc. culture.europe. Albanian television stations with Internet sites are Radio Television of Prishtina Satellite Program, Shekuli, TV Art, TVSH-Programi Satelitor, and the Voice of America Albanian Service.

CZECH REPUBLIC

The separation of the former federal state of Czechoslovakia into two independent states, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, in 1993 had no major impact on the media, which were organized in the both parts of federation already before the split. The state federal media Czechoslovak Radio and Czechoslovak Television were dissolved on December 31,1992. The nine national dailies make two third of the newspaper market. The share of local and regional dailies is about 30 per cent. Nearly all of the daily press, with the exception of the leftist daily Právo and communist daily Haló noviny, are owned by foreign companies. However, no publisher occupies any monopoly or dominant position in the national daily press.

The regional press is thus nearly completely controlled by VLP. The first free Czech daily, Metro, published by Swedish MTG and distributed in Prague since July 1997, has been facing new competitors since 2005. Ringier, publisher of the tabloid Blesk, entered the free paper market with the free daily 24 hodin (24 hours) in November 2005. Mafra launched another free paper Metropolitní Expres (Metropolitan Express) in April 2006. Both newspaper and magazine publishers are mostly foreign owned. The Finnish Sanoma Magazines International (SMI) has a strong position in women’s and lifestyle magazines and Ringier ČR is not only active in the daily press (Blesk, Sunday’s Blesk, Sport), but also in the magazine market.The Czech Republic introduced a dual public-private system in both the radio and the television broadcasting in the years 1991-1994. Unlike the other European public service broadcasters, the Czech Television and the public broadcaster Czech Radio are not associated in one organization; they are separated and detached bodies. Like the Czech Television, the Czech Radio is also funded by a radio license fee together with commercials and sponsorship and other commercial activities, which together make about 15 per cent of the total income.

Czech Radio operates seven stations, three of which has fully nationwide coverage. From the ownership point of view, the most powerful position at the radio market is occupied by a group of a French investor Lagardere Active Radio International SA. The second largest private broadcaster is the nationwide station Radio Impuls, controlled the investment consortium Eurocast Rundfunk Beteiligungs GmbH. The penetration of cable and satellite television is low. There are two digital satellite services operating in the Czech Republic: UPC Direct and Digi TV. Digital terrestrial TV broadcasting was launched on a regular basis only by the public broadcaster Czech Television in October 2005. The other digital terrestrial TV broadcasts are supposed to be launched in 2007 when the quarrels about digital licensing will be cleared. Experiments with digital radio broadcasting (DAB) was halted in 2005 after several years of testing.Two most important associations are: Czech Publishers Association (UVDT) for newspapers, Association of Private Radio Broadcasters (APSV) for commercial radio, Association of Television Organizations (ATO) for television broadcasters. Public and commercial television operators are members of the ATO, which organizes the audience research for all of them. The only working organization of journalists is the Union of the Czech Journalists. However, only minor part of working journalists are members of the association.All the Czech media are now in private hands. The only exceptions are the public broadcasting organizations Český rozhlas (Czech Radio), Česká televize (Czech television) and the news agency ČTK (Czech Press Agency), which are established by law, have a status of independent public corporations, and are controlled by the Parliament.

POLAND

The transformation of mass communication in Poland as well as in Central-Eastern Europe is based, in fact, on two crucial changes: political breakthrough in 1989-1995, and technological transformation which started after 1995. In Poland, as the beginning of political changes the following factors could be recognised: 1) the abolition of press licensing (May 1989), or 2) parliamentary election (June 1989), or 3) suppression of communist-party controlled press monopoly (March 1990), or, finally, 4) abolition of censorship (June 1990). The Broadcasting Act adopted by the Polish Parliament on December 29, 1992, which enabled to launch private, commercial radio and television stations, should be perceived as a crucial moment for audio-visual media. The process of demonopolisation and deregulation of electronic media in Poland goes in the same direction as the one in Germany which started 7-8 years earlier: the audience of public radio and television slowly decreases when three private channels (Polsat, TVN, and TV-4). In 2001, a new partner ś TV Puls (a commercial channel, but inspired by Catholic social philosophy) appeared on the Polish television market.

In radio, the domination of private broadcasters is even more noticeable. RMF FM is head and shoulders above any other broadcasting stations including Program I and Program II of the public radio. In Poland, the analog signal is still received, nevertheless, everybody starts to realise how important digital television is for future development. At present, there are three partners (Cyfra+, Wizja TV and Polsat 2) which have a versatile programme offer.

Simultaneously, the extent of dailies increased several times: from average 6-8 pages in 1989 to 60-80 nowadays. The media of Poland are heading in the direction of globalism chiefly in the sphere of economics. On the press market dozens of foreign magazines appeared in Polish language versions like, for instance, the French Elle, American National Geographic, Playboy, Cosmopolitan and Readers Digest, German: Burda Moden, Tina, Bravo and Bravo Girl. The media and advertising market are closely connected with that of advertisements. Its globalization in Poland manifests itself in the expansion of those advertising agencies that dominate the entire free market world. This relates equally to what is advertised as to who creates the adverts. Products of world standing, like Coca Cola, Pepsi Cola, Sony, Kodak, Michelin etc., dominate in the advertisements that appear in the large-circulation Polish media. The two transformations (political and technological) described above, which took place in Central-Eastern Europe in the 1990s have their economic and social aspects in such a way that we should talk of a political-economic-social breakthrough and a technological-economic-social breakthrough. The former was driven by politics, the latter by technology. The processes of desovietisation, democratisation, pluralisation, privatisation and marketisation were typical for the former, whereas digitalisation, telematization and globalisation were typical for the latter. Evaluating the results of globalisation it can be stated that Poland heads towards the state in which its media (just like media in other countries) will attract people to the same advertisements of the same products by the same entertainment programmes and by the same news, coming from the same information sources about the same events. However, as it is generally known, globalisation brings about its counter-process of localisation and fragmentization, which is present mostly in printed media. In Poland regional newspapers issue more and more local newspapers. At the same time, the number of sublocal newspapers increases: in 1988 about 100 titles were printed, in 1996 about 1200, in 1998 about 1500, and in 2000 as many as 1800. These include newspapers directed to inhabitants of one city quarter, one town, one county, one parish or one local association. Newspapers printed by various subculture, alternative youth groups/associations constitute a separate class of these publications. Year after year such publications launch their Internet web services. Owing to these activities, sublocal contents/channels mix with global contents/channels bringing about the process which is often called globalization. The media in Poland remains in an expansionist mode. Polish media is taking on a global dimension with the introduction of digitalization, specialization, concentration of media ownership and development of local media. Poland is one of the number of countries in Europe where private stations have to compete for both audiences and advertising revenue with subsidized state owned channels.

MACEDONIA

Region (Map name):	Europe
Population:	2,046,209
Language(s):	Macedonian Orthodo, Muslim, other
Literacy rate:	NA
Area:	25,333 sq km
GDP:	3,573 (US$ millions)
Number of Television Stations:	31
Number of Television Sets:	510,000
Television Sets per 1,000:	249.2
Number of Radio Stations:	49
Number of Radio Receivers:	410,000
Radio Receivers per 1,000:	200.4
Number of Individuals with Internet Access:	50,000
Internet Access per 1,000:	24.4

The media scene in Macedonia livened up within a few years after the country declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and commenced a double transition toward democracy and capitalism. Media outlets started to compete for the attention of a literate (94 percent) and multi-ethnic audience, hungry for respite from the propaganda humdrum in the communist-ruled Yugoslavia. Hundreds of private newspapers and magazines emerged, and some 250 private broadcasters took to the air. The promise for a quick transition to Western-style free press in Macedonia has been since dampened. The media scene is still much livelier than during the Yugoslav period, but it has suffered from government interference, political and ethnic biases of publications, a malfunctioning economy, and uneven and often poor quality of journalism. Plagued by high unemployment and decline in living standards, Macedonia endured series of economic, political and social crises during the 1990s. It is hardly surprising that media have been preoccupied with issues of security and politics. The Ministry of Information listed 818 officially registered newspapers and magazines as of June 2000, but the actual number is considerably smaller. Of those, 51 are published in Albanian language, 6 in Turkish, 4 in Vlachian, 3 in Romany (Roma), 2 in Bosnian, and 5 in English. More than 600 publications are based in Skopje.

In March 2000 Macedonia had 11 dailies, 2 in Albanian and 1 in Turkish. Most popular by circulation are: Dnevnik (daily 60,000; weekend 70,000), Ve&NA;er (50,000), Utrinski Vesnik (30,000), Vest (25,000), Nova Makedonija (20,000), Denes (15,000), SportFakti (10,000), and Flaka (3,000). The independent Dnevnik is considered to be the most influential newspaper, and Nova Makedonija has traditionally been the voice of the government. Most newspapers are losing money. The government owns one third of NIP Nova Make-donija, publisher of Nova Makedonija and Ve&NA;er , as well as the weekly Puls , the Albanian-language daily Flaka , and the Turkish-language Birlik , which comes out three times a week. The state-owned Macedonian Radio and private Kanal 77 have national radio coverage. There is a large number of local private stations, so many towns have at least one station; most are entertainment-oriented. Dozens of unlicensed, pirate radio and television stations operate locally without paying any fees and violating copyright laws. The government's efforts to enforce the regulations have been inconsistent. Newspapers and magazines must register with the Ministry of Information according to a 1976 statute. Broadcast media are regulated by the Law on Broadcast Activity, adopted in 1997. The Broadcasting Council, whose members are selected by the parliament, disburses broadcast licenses. The government, however, gives the final approval and thus exerts a measure of control. A proposed draft law on public information in 2001 caused outcry from media organizations, as it intended to introduce licensing for local journalists and registration for foreign correspondents. Political parties in power can manipulate the media by allocating advertising and ensuring income for some media and none for others. Political and business affiliations of owners also greatly influence the coverage and staffing decisions. Although primarily a formality, distributors of foreign newspapers and magazines must obtain permits from the Ministry of Interior. Foreign media are readily available, especially in Skopje, but prices of Western print media are usually prohibitive for most Macedonians.

The Macedonian media has been polarized along ethnic lines, which has hurt the objectivity of reporting. With the allayment of ethnic tensions the quality of journalism can be expected to improve. Yet Macedonia's media faces a credibility problem. The public's trust in the media is generally low, especially among ethnic Albanians, and surveys indicate that a majority of the population believes news media serve the interests of powerful people and organizations.

ROMANIA

Official Country Name: Romania Region (Map name): Europe Population: 22,364,022 Language(s): Romania, Hungarian,German Literacy rate: 97.0% Area: 237,500 sq km GDP: 36,719 (US$ millions) Number of Television Stations: 48 Number of Television Sets: 5,250,000 Television Sets per 1,000: 234.8 Number of Cable Subscribers: 3,532,480 Cable Subscribers per 1,000: 157.7 Number of Satellite Subscribers: 320,000 Satellite Subscribers per 1,000: 14.3 Number of Radio Stations: 245 Number of RadioReceivers: 7,200,000 Radio Receivers per 1,000: 321.9 Number of Individuals with Computers: 713,000 Computers per 1,000: 31.9 Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 800,000 Internet Access per 1,000: 35.8 . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was given responsibility for the news media in order to protect and reassure foreign journalists in Romania. Law No. 462, published in the Official Bulletin ( Monitorul Oficial ) No. 218/1944, stated that there would be no administrative censorship whatsoever except for the customary war censorship exercised by military personnel. The Allied (Soviet) Control Commission established in Bucharest in 1944 changed everything. Soviet and Romanian Communist authorities began to restrict press freedoms. Article 16 of the Armistice allowed the authorities to regulate the printing, importation, and distribution in Romania of periodicals and other publications as well as radio broadcasts, the postal, telegraph, and telephone communications networks. Annex F of the agreement allowed the Romanian government and its organs to act in accordance with the instructions of the (Soviet dominated) Allied Control Commission. The Control Commission imposed strict censorship on all forms of communication, particularly the press. The propaganda and media section of the Central Committee supervised all publications. The Romanian Press Agency, individual publishing houses, printing establishments, book distribution centers, motion picture studios, and radio and television stations were all regulated by the Central Committee's initiatives. The number of print media publications in Romania dropped under Ceausescu from 51 dailies, 23 weeklies, and two semi-weeklies in 1969, to 36 dailies and 24 weeklies in 1985.
After 1960, the Communist regime used radio to disseminate propaganda. More broadcast facilities were constructed. Three medium-wave and one FM station broadcast news. An estimated 200 hours of broadcasting was done in 13 languages domestically and to foreign countries by Radio Bucharest. Television came under more scrutiny than did radio broadcasting. In 1984 Ceausescu denounced television as corrupted by Western influences. In 1989 the two national television stations were merged into one with only 22 hours of broadcast time. Romania had an estimated 100 daily newspapers in 1999 and more than 2,200 periodicals, including 200 periodicals published in minority languages. In 1999 Romanian publishing houses printed 8,000 titles. Major general interest periodicals are the following weeklies: Cuvintul (1995 circlation of 100,000), Express, (170,000), Flacara, (12,000), and Lumea Magazin (60,000). Special-interest publications include the weekly periodicals Dreptatea (6,700), Tribuna Economica (40,000), and Via Medicala, a health publication (35,000). Monthly periodicals include the women's magazine Femeia (70,000), Magazine Istoric (110,000), and the Jurists Union publication Palatul de Justitie (75,000).Romania is served by three news agencies. The government news agency is Rompres. Private news agencies in Romania are Apres-Romania Libera and Mediafax. All three agencies are based in Bucharest. Romania has three associations of journalists, the Journalists Trade Union (SZR), Professional Journalists Union (UZP), and the Romanian Journalists Association (AZR). In 2001 Romania had 50 privately owned television stations and more than 100 privately owned radio stations. State television and radio cover more of the nation, particularly rural areas. Both the Romanian Broadcasting System and the Romanian Television Corporation, now independent and public-service oriented, jointly regulate state run radio and television.
The Internet is increasingly an important method of communication in Romanian businesses, universities, libraries, and public facilities. Internet cafes are more numerous, although Internet access is limited by the high cost of telephone service. An increasing number of media are offering online publications.

During the 20^th century Romania enjoyed short periods of press freedom. The propaganda and media section of the central committee supervised all publications. The Romanian press agency individual publishing houses, printing houses, printing establishments, book distribution centres, motion pictures studios and radio and television stations were all regulated by the central committee’s initiatives.

REFERENCES:

google.com

wikipedia.org

pressreference.com

Lecture on Communication and Globalization

Brief discussion on communication
Communication is the exchange of ideas, thoughts or information as by , writings or behavior. It is the process of interaction or sharing of knowledge. The three typologies of communication are as follows-
1. Verbal and Non-verbal communication
2. Direct and Mediated communication
3. Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, group, organizational and mass communication
The different types of communication which could be linear or non-linear are as follows-
1. Intrapersonal communication
2. Interpersonal communication
3. Group communication
4. Mass communication
Communication and Globalization
Various scholars have termed the words ‘communication’ and ‘globalization’ in a different manner. The term globalization seemed to get raised up during the 20th century. At this age people are so much influenced by the new modern technologies that they seem to carry it during the activities of their whole life. Similarly, the rates of all the new technologies have been starring bright in people’s life like the television, radio, computers, online, internet, etc. They have been playing an active role at this stage of modern era. Likewise, every single community and society is interconnected by various communication means. The whole world is overlooked as a small community connected by the electronic communication systems.
Society point of view----------global community
Communication point of view------------mass communication of global scale
According to various scholars, the definition for globalization term may vary but ‘globalization’ can be defined as the phenomenon which has made process of global community set up possible. According to Craig A. Lockard: The term globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of nations and people around the world through the trade, investment, travel, popular culture, and other forms of interaction. According to Held: Globalization is a complex phenomenon which describes growing global interconnectedness. It is a multidimensional process that applies to the whole range of social relations-cultural, economic and political.
Globalization brings people from the different parts of the world to social form. In this regard media has also been affecting globalization. It has a significant role in the process of globalization. There is a reciprocal relationship between globalization and media where globalization has affected media and somewhere media also has affected globalization. Media has helped the global by sharing common cultures, various financial or political issues, fooding and clothing habits, entertainment, fashion, language, etc. It is because of media, globalization has been possible and people able to have wide varieties of knowledge and due to this people are said to be living in the mediated world. And hence there is a saying’ think globally and act locally’. Hence, ancient period was a limited communication age and now with the new invent technologies we’ve been able to live in a modern and mediated way. So it is said that we people live in a mediated world.