MEDIA SYSTEM IN EASTERN EUROPE

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the region lying in the eastern part of the Europe. It is the region lying between the central Europe and western Asia, with main characteristics consisting in Byzantine, Orthodox and limited Ottoman influences. The United Nations statistics division developed a selection of geographical regions and groupings of countries and areas, under these following ten countries were classified as Eastern Europe-

1. Belarus

2. Bulgaria

3. Czech Republic

4. Hungary

5. Moldova

6. Poland

7. Romania

8. Russia

9. Slovakia

10. Ukraine

According to CIA World Fact book- states location as Eastern Europe- Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine.

Media System in ALBANIA-

Albania is the country which lies at the eastern region of the Europe. Officialy, Albania is known as Republic of Albania. Albania covers 28,748 sq.km area with 3,510,484 population.

Number of television stations: 9

Number of television sets: 405,000

Television sets per 1,000: 115.4

Number of Radio stations: 21

Number of Radio receivers: 810,000

Radio receivers per 1,000: 230.7

Number of individuals with computer: 25,000

Computers per 1000: 7.1

Number of individuals with internet access: 3,500

Internet Access per 1,000: 1.0

The gradual economic and political disintegration of the Ottoman empire in the late nineteenth century and the empire’s military defeats in the twentieth century against successful nationalistic waves of independence by Serbians, Romanians, Greeks, Montenegrins and Bulgarians provided the Albanian people with the opportunity to seek their own independence. During the next five years all opposition to Hoxha’s communist government was eradicated. The media was seized by communist authorities in 1944 but not nationalized until 1946. All media forms were used to instill Marxist values and justify communist rule. The press, radio and television urged implementations of communist economisc programs and supported anti-religious campaigns and literacy promotions. All newspapers were under the control of communist government. Albania’s few radio and television stations spoke only the communist credo. In 1990 Albania re-organized itself into a multiparty democracy. Students unrest in 1990 led to violent clashes. The political party, the Democratic Front and its daily newspaper, “Bashkimi”, covered the clashes, arrests and police activity.

In 1996 Albania published five national dailies with a combined circulation of 116,000. In 1995 the four largest newspapers were the Albanian language morning dailies Zeri I Popullit, 35,000 circulation; Koha Jone, 30,000 circulation; Rilindja Demokratike, 10,000 circulation; and the Albanian and Italian language morning daily Gazeta Shqiptare, 11,000 circulation. Dy Drina is published in northern Albania and has a circulation of 1,000. According to 1995 statistics, general-interest biweekly periodicals circulated as follows: Alternativa, published by the Social Democratic Party, 5,000 readers; Bashkimi, published by the Democratic Front, 5,000 readers; and Republika, published by the Republican Party, 8,000 readers. Weekly general interest periodicals are Ax, 6,000 readers; Drita, 4,000 readers; and Zeri I Rinise, a Youth Confederation publication, 4,000 readers. Lajmi I Dites, published by the ATS News Agency, has three issues per week and a circulation of 5,000. Special interest publications are the monthlies Albanian Economic Tribune in both Albanian and English with 5,000 readers; Arber, published by the Ministry of Culture with 5,000 readers, and Bujqesia Shqiptare, published by the Ministry of Agriculture with 3,000 readers. Weekly special interest periodicals are Mesuesi, published by the Ministry of Education, 3,000 circulation, and Sindikalisti, circulation 5,000. The University of Triana publishes the biweekly Studenti, with a circulation of 5,000, and the quarterly Gruaja Dhe Koha has 1,000 readers. The quarterly Media Shqiptare, founded in 1999, caters to journalists and provides news about the profession. The Albanian print media is generally characterized as an extension of political parties. It is perceived as more opinion than factually based. Albanian newspapers have distribution problems. They are sold in the cities, which omit 60 percent of the population residing in the countryside. Newspapers lack adequate revenue to cover printing costs and salaries for a professional staff. Since 1999 newspaper circulation has dropped from 75,000 to 50,000 readers. A majority of Albanians believe that the print media are a negative national influence. Polls indicate that Albanians prefer to receive their news via electronic means. Albania has had one government owned radio station, Radiotelevizioni Shqiptar. The nation's previously government-owned television station is also called Radiotelevizioni Shqiptar. In 1999, both stations were merged into a public entity no longer financed by the state and without direct linkage to the government. Radiotelevizioni Shqiptar (RTSH; Albanian Radio Television) is under the jurisdiction of the National Council for Radio and Television and regulated by a committee whose members are chosen by Albania's parliament.

Albania is poorly represented in the telecommunications field with an obsolete wire system. Telephone wires were cut in 1992 by villagers and used to build fences. There is no longer a single telephone for each Albanian village. It is estimated that there are two telephones for every 100 Albanians. The lack of a telecommunications network is being alleviated by Vodafone Albania, a subsidiary of Vodafone Group Plc. Vodafone competes with Albania Mobile Communications (AMC) for the sale of cell phones in a nation without regular telephone communications. State run Albtelecom was privatized in 2002. Albtelecom has two Internet Service Provider licenses supporting ISDN and NT connections in five major Albanian cities and plans to expand and serve the university population. The competition of all three companies will allow Albania to catch up in the telecommunications industry on a level compatible with the European Union nations.

International communication is frequently carried by microwave radio relay from Tirana to either Greece or Italy. During the communist era radio and television were exclusively used for propaganda purposes. In 1992 the government owned and operated all 17 AM radio stations and the sole FM station, which broadcast two national programs as well as regional and local programs throughout the country. Popular Albanian broadcast frequencies are AM 16 and FM 3. There are two short-wave frequencies. Albania has nine television stations. Programming is broadcast in eight languages and reaches Albanians in Africa, the Middle East, North and South America, and Europe. Until the early 2000s all radio and television stations were broadcast exclusively over government-controlled frequencies and were usually propaganda based. This has changed significantly with the restructuring of the RTSH. In 1999 new privately owned radio and television stations began to emerge to compete with the print media for circulation. At least 50 television and 30 radio stations competed with the RTSH, formerly run by the state. To control a proliferation of broadcast media stations the government approved new licensing requirements. The national council of Radio and Television was created to regulate the licensing of radio and television stations. The council’s membership is equally divided between the government and the opposition political parties.The National Council for Radio-Television regulates broadcasting. The president appoints one member, and the Commission on the Media, which is made up of representatives selected equally by the government and the opposition parties, chooses six members. The National Council broadcasts a national radio program and a second radio program from 14 stations. Statistics for 1997 indicated that Albanians owned 810,000 radios and 405,000 television sets. In 2000, many Albanian television stations operated illegally without government licenses. There were 120 applications with 20 television stations competing for two national channels. The National Council for Radio and Television granted the two national channels to TV Klan and TV Arberia. TV Shijak, one of the television losers, criticized the decision as being politically motivated. Other television stations were granted licenses for local broadcasting including TV Teuta. Most television and radio stations are joint ventures with Italian companies. Despite the criticism, Albanian media is increasing in number and reflecting the political and economic stability of the nation. RTSH tends to provide more government information as it makes the transition to a private network system. It is the only station to broadcast throughout the entire country. Radio Koha, Radio Kontakt, Radio Stinet, Radio Top Albania, and Radio Ime are Albanian's most popular radio stations. Their programming emphasizes music, news, and call-in shows. Albanians receive FM broadcasts from the Voice of America, British Broadcasting Corporation, and Deutsche Welle on short wave.

Electronic media in Albania is a relatively recent addition to the media. The list of electronic media is growing at a rapid rate. AlbaNews is a mailing list dedicated to the distribution of new and information about Albania, Kosovo, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Albanian living around the world. Major contributors to AlbaNews are Kosova Information Center, OMRI, Albanian Telegraphic Agency, Council for the Defense of Human rights and Freedoms in Kosova, and Albanian Weekly (Prishtina). Electronic Media newsgroups for Albania include soc.culture.albanian, bit.listserv.albanian, clari.news.Europe.Balkans, alt. news.macdeonia, soc.cuture.yugoslavia, and soc. culture.europe. Albanian television stations with Internet sites are Radio Television of Prishtina Satellite Program, Shekuli, TV Art, TVSH-Programi Satelitor, and the Voice of America Albanian Service.

CZECH REPUBLIC

The separation of the former federal state of Czechoslovakia into two independent states, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, in 1993 had no major impact on the media, which were organized in the both parts of federation already before the split. The state federal media Czechoslovak Radio and Czechoslovak Television were dissolved on December 31,1992. The nine national dailies make two third of the newspaper market. The share of local and regional dailies is about 30 per cent. Nearly all of the daily press, with the exception of the leftist daily Právo and communist daily Haló noviny, are owned by foreign companies. However, no publisher occupies any monopoly or dominant position in the national daily press.

The regional press is thus nearly completely controlled by VLP. The first free Czech daily, Metro, published by Swedish MTG and distributed in Prague since July 1997, has been facing new competitors since 2005. Ringier, publisher of the tabloid Blesk, entered the free paper market with the free daily 24 hodin (24 hours) in November 2005. Mafra launched another free paper Metropolitní Expres (Metropolitan Express) in April 2006. Both newspaper and magazine publishers are mostly foreign owned. The Finnish Sanoma Magazines International (SMI) has a strong position in women’s and lifestyle magazines and Ringier ČR is not only active in the daily press (Blesk, Sunday’s Blesk, Sport), but also in the magazine market.The Czech Republic introduced a dual public-private system in both the radio and the television broadcasting in the years 1991-1994. Unlike the other European public service broadcasters, the Czech Television and the public broadcaster Czech Radio are not associated in one organization; they are separated and detached bodies. Like the Czech Television, the Czech Radio is also funded by a radio license fee together with commercials and sponsorship and other commercial activities, which together make about 15 per cent of the total income.

Czech Radio operates seven stations, three of which has fully nationwide coverage. From the ownership point of view, the most powerful position at the radio market is occupied by a group of a French investor Lagardere Active Radio International SA. The second largest private broadcaster is the nationwide station Radio Impuls, controlled the investment consortium Eurocast Rundfunk Beteiligungs GmbH. The penetration of cable and satellite television is low. There are two digital satellite services operating in the Czech Republic: UPC Direct and Digi TV. Digital terrestrial TV broadcasting was launched on a regular basis only by the public broadcaster Czech Television in October 2005. The other digital terrestrial TV broadcasts are supposed to be launched in 2007 when the quarrels about digital licensing will be cleared. Experiments with digital radio broadcasting (DAB) was halted in 2005 after several years of testing.Two most important associations are: Czech Publishers Association (UVDT) for newspapers, Association of Private Radio Broadcasters (APSV) for commercial radio, Association of Television Organizations (ATO) for television broadcasters. Public and commercial television operators are members of the ATO, which organizes the audience research for all of them. The only working organization of journalists is the Union of the Czech Journalists. However, only minor part of working journalists are members of the association.All the Czech media are now in private hands. The only exceptions are the public broadcasting organizations Český rozhlas (Czech Radio), Česká televize (Czech television) and the news agency ČTK (Czech Press Agency), which are established by law, have a status of independent public corporations, and are controlled by the Parliament.

POLAND

The transformation of mass communication in Poland as well as in Central-Eastern Europe is based, in fact, on two crucial changes: political breakthrough in 1989-1995, and technological transformation which started after 1995. In Poland, as the beginning of political changes the following factors could be recognised: 1) the abolition of press licensing (May 1989), or 2) parliamentary election (June 1989), or 3) suppression of communist-party controlled press monopoly (March 1990), or, finally, 4) abolition of censorship (June 1990). The Broadcasting Act adopted by the Polish Parliament on December 29, 1992, which enabled to launch private, commercial radio and television stations, should be perceived as a crucial moment for audio-visual media. The process of demonopolisation and deregulation of electronic media in Poland goes in the same direction as the one in Germany which started 7-8 years earlier: the audience of public radio and television slowly decreases when three private channels (Polsat, TVN, and TV-4). In 2001, a new partner ś TV Puls (a commercial channel, but inspired by Catholic social philosophy) appeared on the Polish television market.

In radio, the domination of private broadcasters is even more noticeable. RMF FM is head and shoulders above any other broadcasting stations including Program I and Program II of the public radio. In Poland, the analog signal is still received, nevertheless, everybody starts to realise how important digital television is for future development. At present, there are three partners (Cyfra+, Wizja TV and Polsat 2) which have a versatile programme offer.

Simultaneously, the extent of dailies increased several times: from average 6-8 pages in 1989 to 60-80 nowadays. The media of Poland are heading in the direction of globalism chiefly in the sphere of economics. On the press market dozens of foreign magazines appeared in Polish language versions like, for instance, the French Elle, American National Geographic, Playboy, Cosmopolitan and Readers Digest, German: Burda Moden, Tina, Bravo and Bravo Girl. The media and advertising market are closely connected with that of advertisements. Its globalization in Poland manifests itself in the expansion of those advertising agencies that dominate the entire free market world. This relates equally to what is advertised as to who creates the adverts. Products of world standing, like Coca Cola, Pepsi Cola, Sony, Kodak, Michelin etc., dominate in the advertisements that appear in the large-circulation Polish media. The two transformations (political and technological) described above, which took place in Central-Eastern Europe in the 1990s have their economic and social aspects in such a way that we should talk of a political-economic-social breakthrough and a technological-economic-social breakthrough. The former was driven by politics, the latter by technology. The processes of desovietisation, democratisation, pluralisation, privatisation and marketisation were typical for the former, whereas digitalisation, telematization and globalisation were typical for the latter. Evaluating the results of globalisation it can be stated that Poland heads towards the state in which its media (just like media in other countries) will attract people to the same advertisements of the same products by the same entertainment programmes and by the same news, coming from the same information sources about the same events. However, as it is generally known, globalisation brings about its counter-process of localisation and fragmentization, which is present mostly in printed media. In Poland regional newspapers issue more and more local newspapers. At the same time, the number of sublocal newspapers increases: in 1988 about 100 titles were printed, in 1996 about 1200, in 1998 about 1500, and in 2000 as many as 1800. These include newspapers directed to inhabitants of one city quarter, one town, one county, one parish or one local association. Newspapers printed by various subculture, alternative youth groups/associations constitute a separate class of these publications. Year after year such publications launch their Internet web services. Owing to these activities, sublocal contents/channels mix with global contents/channels bringing about the process which is often called globalization. The media in Poland remains in an expansionist mode. Polish media is taking on a global dimension with the introduction of digitalization, specialization, concentration of media ownership and development of local media. Poland is one of the number of countries in Europe where private stations have to compete for both audiences and advertising revenue with subsidized state owned channels.

MACEDONIA

Region (Map name):	Europe
Population:	2,046,209
Language(s):	Macedonian Orthodo, Muslim, other
Literacy rate:	NA
Area:	25,333 sq km
GDP:	3,573 (US$ millions)
Number of Television Stations:	31
Number of Television Sets:	510,000
Television Sets per 1,000:	249.2
Number of Radio Stations:	49
Number of Radio Receivers:	410,000
Radio Receivers per 1,000:	200.4
Number of Individuals with Internet Access:	50,000
Internet Access per 1,000:	24.4

The media scene in Macedonia livened up within a few years after the country declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and commenced a double transition toward democracy and capitalism. Media outlets started to compete for the attention of a literate (94 percent) and multi-ethnic audience, hungry for respite from the propaganda humdrum in the communist-ruled Yugoslavia. Hundreds of private newspapers and magazines emerged, and some 250 private broadcasters took to the air. The promise for a quick transition to Western-style free press in Macedonia has been since dampened. The media scene is still much livelier than during the Yugoslav period, but it has suffered from government interference, political and ethnic biases of publications, a malfunctioning economy, and uneven and often poor quality of journalism. Plagued by high unemployment and decline in living standards, Macedonia endured series of economic, political and social crises during the 1990s. It is hardly surprising that media have been preoccupied with issues of security and politics. The Ministry of Information listed 818 officially registered newspapers and magazines as of June 2000, but the actual number is considerably smaller. Of those, 51 are published in Albanian language, 6 in Turkish, 4 in Vlachian, 3 in Romany (Roma), 2 in Bosnian, and 5 in English. More than 600 publications are based in Skopje.

In March 2000 Macedonia had 11 dailies, 2 in Albanian and 1 in Turkish. Most popular by circulation are: Dnevnik (daily 60,000; weekend 70,000), Ve&NA;er (50,000), Utrinski Vesnik (30,000), Vest (25,000), Nova Makedonija (20,000), Denes (15,000), SportFakti (10,000), and Flaka (3,000). The independent Dnevnik is considered to be the most influential newspaper, and Nova Makedonija has traditionally been the voice of the government. Most newspapers are losing money. The government owns one third of NIP Nova Make-donija, publisher of Nova Makedonija and Ve&NA;er , as well as the weekly Puls , the Albanian-language daily Flaka , and the Turkish-language Birlik , which comes out three times a week. The state-owned Macedonian Radio and private Kanal 77 have national radio coverage. There is a large number of local private stations, so many towns have at least one station; most are entertainment-oriented. Dozens of unlicensed, pirate radio and television stations operate locally without paying any fees and violating copyright laws. The government's efforts to enforce the regulations have been inconsistent. Newspapers and magazines must register with the Ministry of Information according to a 1976 statute. Broadcast media are regulated by the Law on Broadcast Activity, adopted in 1997. The Broadcasting Council, whose members are selected by the parliament, disburses broadcast licenses. The government, however, gives the final approval and thus exerts a measure of control. A proposed draft law on public information in 2001 caused outcry from media organizations, as it intended to introduce licensing for local journalists and registration for foreign correspondents. Political parties in power can manipulate the media by allocating advertising and ensuring income for some media and none for others. Political and business affiliations of owners also greatly influence the coverage and staffing decisions. Although primarily a formality, distributors of foreign newspapers and magazines must obtain permits from the Ministry of Interior. Foreign media are readily available, especially in Skopje, but prices of Western print media are usually prohibitive for most Macedonians.

The Macedonian media has been polarized along ethnic lines, which has hurt the objectivity of reporting. With the allayment of ethnic tensions the quality of journalism can be expected to improve. Yet Macedonia's media faces a credibility problem. The public's trust in the media is generally low, especially among ethnic Albanians, and surveys indicate that a majority of the population believes news media serve the interests of powerful people and organizations.

ROMANIA

Official Country Name: Romania Region (Map name): Europe Population: 22,364,022 Language(s): Romania, Hungarian,German Literacy rate: 97.0% Area: 237,500 sq km GDP: 36,719 (US$ millions) Number of Television Stations: 48 Number of Television Sets: 5,250,000 Television Sets per 1,000: 234.8 Number of Cable Subscribers: 3,532,480 Cable Subscribers per 1,000: 157.7 Number of Satellite Subscribers: 320,000 Satellite Subscribers per 1,000: 14.3 Number of Radio Stations: 245 Number of RadioReceivers: 7,200,000 Radio Receivers per 1,000: 321.9 Number of Individuals with Computers: 713,000 Computers per 1,000: 31.9 Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 800,000 Internet Access per 1,000: 35.8 . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was given responsibility for the news media in order to protect and reassure foreign journalists in Romania. Law No. 462, published in the Official Bulletin ( Monitorul Oficial ) No. 218/1944, stated that there would be no administrative censorship whatsoever except for the customary war censorship exercised by military personnel. The Allied (Soviet) Control Commission established in Bucharest in 1944 changed everything. Soviet and Romanian Communist authorities began to restrict press freedoms. Article 16 of the Armistice allowed the authorities to regulate the printing, importation, and distribution in Romania of periodicals and other publications as well as radio broadcasts, the postal, telegraph, and telephone communications networks. Annex F of the agreement allowed the Romanian government and its organs to act in accordance with the instructions of the (Soviet dominated) Allied Control Commission. The Control Commission imposed strict censorship on all forms of communication, particularly the press. The propaganda and media section of the Central Committee supervised all publications. The Romanian Press Agency, individual publishing houses, printing establishments, book distribution centers, motion picture studios, and radio and television stations were all regulated by the Central Committee's initiatives. The number of print media publications in Romania dropped under Ceausescu from 51 dailies, 23 weeklies, and two semi-weeklies in 1969, to 36 dailies and 24 weeklies in 1985.
After 1960, the Communist regime used radio to disseminate propaganda. More broadcast facilities were constructed. Three medium-wave and one FM station broadcast news. An estimated 200 hours of broadcasting was done in 13 languages domestically and to foreign countries by Radio Bucharest. Television came under more scrutiny than did radio broadcasting. In 1984 Ceausescu denounced television as corrupted by Western influences. In 1989 the two national television stations were merged into one with only 22 hours of broadcast time. Romania had an estimated 100 daily newspapers in 1999 and more than 2,200 periodicals, including 200 periodicals published in minority languages. In 1999 Romanian publishing houses printed 8,000 titles. Major general interest periodicals are the following weeklies: Cuvintul (1995 circlation of 100,000), Express, (170,000), Flacara, (12,000), and Lumea Magazin (60,000). Special-interest publications include the weekly periodicals Dreptatea (6,700), Tribuna Economica (40,000), and Via Medicala, a health publication (35,000). Monthly periodicals include the women's magazine Femeia (70,000), Magazine Istoric (110,000), and the Jurists Union publication Palatul de Justitie (75,000).Romania is served by three news agencies. The government news agency is Rompres. Private news agencies in Romania are Apres-Romania Libera and Mediafax. All three agencies are based in Bucharest. Romania has three associations of journalists, the Journalists Trade Union (SZR), Professional Journalists Union (UZP), and the Romanian Journalists Association (AZR). In 2001 Romania had 50 privately owned television stations and more than 100 privately owned radio stations. State television and radio cover more of the nation, particularly rural areas. Both the Romanian Broadcasting System and the Romanian Television Corporation, now independent and public-service oriented, jointly regulate state run radio and television.
The Internet is increasingly an important method of communication in Romanian businesses, universities, libraries, and public facilities. Internet cafes are more numerous, although Internet access is limited by the high cost of telephone service. An increasing number of media are offering online publications.

During the 20^th century Romania enjoyed short periods of press freedom. The propaganda and media section of the central committee supervised all publications. The Romanian press agency individual publishing houses, printing houses, printing establishments, book distribution centres, motion pictures studios and radio and television stations were all regulated by the central committee’s initiatives.

REFERENCES:

google.com

wikipedia.org

pressreference.com

Lecture on Communication and Globalization

Brief discussion on communication
Communication is the exchange of ideas, thoughts or information as by , writings or behavior. It is the process of interaction or sharing of knowledge. The three typologies of communication are as follows-
1. Verbal and Non-verbal communication
2. Direct and Mediated communication
3. Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, group, organizational and mass communication
The different types of communication which could be linear or non-linear are as follows-
1. Intrapersonal communication
2. Interpersonal communication
3. Group communication
4. Mass communication
Communication and Globalization
Various scholars have termed the words ‘communication’ and ‘globalization’ in a different manner. The term globalization seemed to get raised up during the 20th century. At this age people are so much influenced by the new modern technologies that they seem to carry it during the activities of their whole life. Similarly, the rates of all the new technologies have been starring bright in people’s life like the television, radio, computers, online, internet, etc. They have been playing an active role at this stage of modern era. Likewise, every single community and society is interconnected by various communication means. The whole world is overlooked as a small community connected by the electronic communication systems.
Society point of view----------global community
Communication point of view------------mass communication of global scale
According to various scholars, the definition for globalization term may vary but ‘globalization’ can be defined as the phenomenon which has made process of global community set up possible. According to Craig A. Lockard: The term globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of nations and people around the world through the trade, investment, travel, popular culture, and other forms of interaction. According to Held: Globalization is a complex phenomenon which describes growing global interconnectedness. It is a multidimensional process that applies to the whole range of social relations-cultural, economic and political.
Globalization brings people from the different parts of the world to social form. In this regard media has also been affecting globalization. It has a significant role in the process of globalization. There is a reciprocal relationship between globalization and media where globalization has affected media and somewhere media also has affected globalization. Media has helped the global by sharing common cultures, various financial or political issues, fooding and clothing habits, entertainment, fashion, language, etc. It is because of media, globalization has been possible and people able to have wide varieties of knowledge and due to this people are said to be living in the mediated world. And hence there is a saying’ think globally and act locally’. Hence, ancient period was a limited communication age and now with the new invent technologies we’ve been able to live in a modern and mediated way. So it is said that we people live in a mediated world.

KU Library

Kathmandu University located 28 km east from Kathmandu valley at Dhulikhel, Kavre district is surrounded with greenery and magnificent view of the Himalayas in the north. KU library is centrally located within the campus and can be reached with five minutes’ walk. It is of three storey building having 10000 square ft area in each storey. Library consists of nearly 10 computers connected to the internet services that are available to the students from 8am to 8pm to help them in their study. It provides services like- Circulation, Interlibrary loan, Reference and referral services, Reprographic services, User education, Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI), Current Awareness Services (CAS), Paper clippings, OPAC Services, Internet and e-mail services.
KU library has 45,500 volumes of books, 1100 CD-ROMs, 200 video-cassettes, 160 journal titles and newsletters and nearly 75 audio cassettes. The library budget for books and journals is increasing every year. Apart from the recurring budget, the budget for books and journals was NRs. 5.75 lakh in 1994/95. This budget increased every year and reached to NRs. 31.75 lakh in 2005/06 which is a substantial amount provided by the University for Development of library system in KU.
The main objectives of KU library are to provide informations for the fulfillment of objectives for teaching, research, and management of university. To provide learning materials both in conventional and resources for study and research.
Library staff-
Manager: Mr. Rudra Prasad Aryal
Library Assistant: Mr. Keshav khadka, Mr. Jagannath Thapa, Mr. Ram Prasad Dhungel
Book Keeper: Mr. Padam Bdr. Karki, Mr. Shree Ram K.C, Mr. Ram Kumar Dhakal

Book Review

The prominant personality in the field of writing and business organization R.J Venkateswaran, an Indian Origin has tried to highlight the new trends in business journalism and the exciting prospects that lie ahead in this book "How to Excel in Business Journalism". This book paints a realistic picture in the need of business journalism for the development of economic activitiesof the nation. The writer have mentioned a deep insight and balanced accounts of the rise of economic issues in India and abroad. He has also included the stressful topic for the need of specialization. Along with the detailed news sources whether its official or non-official, writer has mentioned theprospects for business journalism in India.
The first text discusses its meaning and includes the subject matter of industrial production and distribution, export and import trade, transport and communication and overall the business activities of the country. In the other chapter, he has emphasized the importance of exercising the business journalism as a specialized field. Likewise, he has given the examples of few outstanding business journalists of the UK and USA. The writer here has talked about the world famous business journalists like Norman Vincent Peale, Paul Einzig, etc, who were the great believers in the value of enthusiasm in achieving goals in the field of business journalism. In the further chapters the writer has focused on the subject of ability of speaking and writing correct English. The writer gives the detail about the importance of the new sources in order to become a good journalist.
As a whole, this book provides the practical guidance for those who are interested in business journalism as their carrier. It is a very readable book neither debunkery nor superficial.

RADIO NEPAL

Hot and sunny wow! what a day it was May 20, 2009. again agathering of media first and second year students but this time it's at the entrance of Singha Durbar, we were heading to the Radio Nepal office. Thank you very much, Nirmal sir and Ramchanra sir, without your guidance and help it would't have been so easy.

Well, finally we all moved in and all in that entire spectacular environment grabbed our entire attention. It was the first time I visited Singha Durbar and I was pretty excited. We all then moved to the radio nepal office and the first thing they showed us were the two models of the broadcasting houses ( House.1 and House.2) which was designed by Japan International C-operation Agency (JICA), Japan Broadcasting Co-operation (NHR) with the help of All Japan TV Services Co. Ltd consultancy and Kanematsu- Gosh Ltd, Shimizu Construction Co. Ltd and Toshiba C-operation being the contractor and sub-contractor respectively. The first room we happened to explore was the music room, a large room equipped with various musical instruments. We all enjoyed them. The building also has other studios supposed to be the studios for various programme production, music recording and drama recording as well. Various talk shows programme and news are broadcasted from its own studio. The broadcasting houses even consists of a drama studio, two music studios, one repoting studio, three continuity studios, news studio and seven programme studios. These studios are open for hiring purposes for anyone desirous of recording music for albums. The complex also has one open live theatre facility for different functions and musical performances. There is a music library at the premises of Durbar which has a collection of more than 40,000 songs. Well, that was a great experience that fortunately turned out to be the experience of my exploration. Radio Nepal which I always dreamt of is under my pen today...

One Who Changed My Life

Thirteen years of my school life, full of fun, heavy books, entertainment, seriousness and finally exam fever. I gave a perfect dedication to each of them on their respective field. I was one of the top ten students in my class. I was funny; I was entertaining and sometimes serious and tensed. Boys of my class even called me ‘aushi ka chand’. I was rarely smiley and cheerful. I was hardly sporty; in fact I never got a chance to be familiar with the word Variety. I passed out my schooling and as a high school girl, with balanced intelligence and equally sporty, I was always popular among my friends. My friends always loved my company and it feels really great when somebody in fact appreciates the way you are with people around. My politeness increased rapidly and I started loving myself the way I am. My identity changed to a high pony girl, or miss. Lanky, or whatever. People loved the way I cracked jokes and people hardly remained silent when I was with them but some still had a sort of misunderstanding actually I have a very bad first sight impression on people. It’s not that I really am, but people often judge me wrong at the very first sight. It was the second year of my college and some of our friends had to depart just because we had option to choose, either Physics or Biology. Almost all of my close friends had gone to choose biology. But that did not really matter; I got more close to some of my really good friends. And two of them got closer throughout our friendship journey, they were my best friends. They were a good pair, and were always together. I was pretty much inspired by the bonding they shared. They always shared their problems with me, and that touched me deep inside. Actually the whole years before college I had been sharing a weird friendship although I was good to be, my friends hardly shared things with me, and even if I was so close they never used to give it as a serious matter. They used to get scared if I turned again to an angry man. Sometimes they even put puerile adjective upon me, which made me feel that oh! I’m still not grown up that lessened my emotional power. But then, these two people entered my life and changed a lot. They understood me really well; in fact whenever they have had a fight I would be the one to bring them together again. Jokes apart, they are the one who gave me that emotional touch which gave me the feeling inside that “no, I understand things well, even I can tackle the problems, I can help people with emotions”. Yes, they are the one who changed my life.

Changunarayan Temple

A Brief Introduction
Changunarayan temple is a pagoda style Hindu temple which is located 22 km away from Kathmandu. It is dedicated to Vishnu in his incarnation as Narayan. This temple was originally built in the early 3rd Century during Licchhavi period. During Licchhavi period Changunarayan was named “Dolashikhar Swami” but later during Mallas, “Changunarayan” name came into practice.
This temple stands as the epitome of culture, religion, history and faith of the Kathmandu valley. In the north east corner of the courtyard, there is an idol which depicts Vishnu riding on the back of Garuda. It is the model for the image on the back of the Nepali ten rupee note.

A Short History
It is said that in the past the land where Changunarayan temple stands were full of Chaanp trees. Many cowboys and Brahmins resided in that Chaanp forest. The cowboys reared cattle owned by the Brahmins. Everyday those cowboys visited Brahmins with the milk but suddenly the stopped bringing milk to Brahmins and so the Brahmin tried to inspect on the situation so he went to the place where now Changunarayan temple stands. I is said that there was a Chaanp tree on the spot and suddenly that Brahmin saw a black man appear and suck up all the milk from the cow. Brahmin furiously cut off the black man’s head which caused it to appear with four limbs in the form of Changunarayan. Brahmin got scared and was ready to commit himself for his mistake. And then God Vishnu convinced that it wasn’t his mistake. He then explained to him that many years ago fight took place between god and devils. There was a Brahmin named Sumati who fought from the devil’s side, was killed. For this, Vishnu was wised. His curse was relieved only when a generation from Sumati cuts off his head. And so, he attempted this. He then settled there as Changunarayan who was only worshipped by a Brahmin.
At present, it is believed that only a generation from that Brahmin family can worship and this is still in practice.
Festivals at Changu:
· Baisakh Krishna Amavashya (Jatra held for 8 days)
· Krishna Asthami Rath Yatra
· During Fagu Purnima, Vanshagopal Jatra is held with Vanshgopal (the chariot)

Working Journalist Act,2064

The fact that society is influenced by economic factors while economic processes are largely determined by the social environments clearly proves that the relation between sociology and economics is very intimate. Economics is defined as a study of ordinary business of life or to be more exact it’s the science of wealth in its three phases of production, distribution and consumption. It is thus concerned with the part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with use of material requisites of well being. Economics in other words is concerned with material welfare for the human beings.The working journalist act was made by King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev during his 23rd ruling period in order to provide right and facilities and to the working journalists. On august 2007 the amended bill on the working journalist act was passed by the parliament. The 1995 act has been widely criticized by the professional cricitics for being biased in favor of the owners of the media. According to the newly enacted bill media houses will not be allowed to keep more than 15% of the working journalists on contract basis that must be entitled to provident fund and other facilities being given to parliament journalists. Likewise media houses will have to cover the media treatment and provide compensation to working journalists in case of accident while on duty. A 13 member committee will be formed to determine minimum salary of working journalists. There are provisions in the bill that require media houses to spend a minimum of 1% of their annual income for capacity building activities of the journalists. It is also said that if media houses failing to follow these provisions will be deprived of government advertisement and may even face ban on imports from abroad.Working journalists’ act 2051 was amended in 2062. According to the amendment the person like news reader, program director, translator, editor of language, presenter is also included inthi8s act as journalist. After providing job reporter should be informed in press registration. The weakness for not being able to implement this act goes to government, publication institute and working journalist themselves. Journalist used to work before getting the offer letter. In order to implement this act press council used to give pressure but it is fruitless.

What is Anthropology?

The word anthropology has been derived from two Greek words, anthropos(human being)and logos(study or science). Anthropology is thus the study of science of man. It is the scientific as well as the humanistic study of the origin, behavior, physical and the social and cultural development of humankind. It also studies tools, techniques, traditions, language, beliefs, kinships, values, social institutions, economic mechanism, craving for beauty and art, struggles for prestige. The one who studies anthropology is known as anthropologist. Anthropologist studies human behavior in all places and at all times from the origin and evolution of the species through its prehistoric civilizations, down to the present situation. Texas A&M University began an academic and research program in Anthropology in 1971. Franz Boas, the father of American Anthropology while writing an article on Anthropology in Encyclopedia of the social sciences said anthropology deals with man as a social being. T.K. Penniman in his book “A hundred years of anthropology” (1935) has defined anthropology as the science of man and also the science of history”. Anthropology is thus the study emergence and development of man from physical, cultural and social points of view. There are many branches of Anthropology; some of them are as follows:

Branches of Anthropology
I. Physical Anthropology
II. Archaeological Anthropology
III. Linguistic Anthropology
IV. Economic Anthropology
V. Political Anthropology
VI. Social and Cultural Anthropology



Physical Anthropology

Physical anthropology studies anatomy and biology i.e., race, gender, adaptation. It studies humankind as a biology type, describing physical development over the millennia. It is the branch of anthropology concerned with own relationship to other animals, our derivation and evolution, and our special physical characteristics such as mental capacity, shape of the band, erect posture, etc.. It is related to the study of natural sciences, Zoology-in terms of relationship to other animals and human species in the process of evolution, Biology- in terms of evolution of humans from early pre-human forms; Anatomy and Physiology- in its concern with the structure of human body; Genetics-concern with the variation in the world today and psychology- in the investigation of our mental make- up.



Archaeological Anthropology

Archaeology is the study of antiquities, esp. pre-historic, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inspiration, implements and other relies, written manuscripts, etc.. The main aim of this branch is to reconstruct the origin spread and evolution of the culture and is done by examining the remains that we are fortunate enough to find of the past societies. Archaeological anthropology offers an opportunity to look into the distant part of the human species and their cultural complexities are re-constructed.


Linguistic Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology studies the structure of language and historic relationships among them. It deals with the origin of language. It deals with the study of how our language determines the way we order our universe and the way people learn their language.


Economic Anthropology

It deals with the study of economic activities of primitive man in his social and cultural framework. It deals with the way groups of people participate the tribal societies and obtained a living from nature. It not only deals with the distribution of goods but services in the society as well.


Political Anthropology

It deals with a very wide canvas of the political behavior of the people. The traditional tribal panchayat or the modern elected body, the organization of their government, tribal law and justice, etc., are the subjects of the political anthropology.


Social and Cultural Anthropology

Social anthropology is the study of contemporary human cultures. It is the study of natural science of society and comparative study of social systems and working. Social anthropology is mainly focused with the study of understanding people, their cultures and the social system that they have created and lived. Cultural anthropology aims to understand and appreciate the diversity in human behavior.

The Disabled Need Opportunity, Not Sympathy

It was the first day of my college at Kathmandu University. I was pretty excited. I woke up early, dressed up and prepared myself for my first class. It was around 7:30 in the cold morning, I caught a bus to Dhulikhel from Baneshwor stop. I seated myself at the right side window seat. I glanced at my mobile phone and it already showed 7:46. I was pretty scared for my first class, I didn’t want to be late, and because ‘first impression is the last impression’ I believe. Bus stopped for nearly 10 minutes at Koteshwor. Sun rays smoothly trying to pierce off the filthy morning, I could feel the warmth and I doze off. Suddenly my head stroke with the window pane and I gained consciousness. And in a hurry I again glanced at my mobile, and it showed 8:35. Bus stopped for a while at Suryavinayak stop in Bhaktapur. I was trying to comfort myself and suddenly my ear caught someone’s cry. I stood alert but I could see nobody around. I heard him continuously crying “hajoor…namaa-ste…namaa-ste…hajoor…” Since a group of people were rushing inside the bus, my eyes couldn’t catch who he was!! After a while when road cleared out, I saw an old man with defected legs sitting by the roadside and begging for money. He had all his teeth broken except few in the upper jaw of his mouth, that made him rarely clear with his words. That unpleasant view literally stroke and left a churn in me, I then stared at the people’s face that were passing by him, many of them gave a very sympathetic look at him and many could only see his filthy condition but nobody tried to pay concern towards his struggle. Despite of his disability, he’s still able to help himself, it’s just that he’s not able to stand on his own feet but his soul wants the same as we normal people do, that is to live an insipid less life.
I am also a daughter of a disabled father. Although he couldn’t pedal the bicycle, he encouraged me all the way since my first bike ride…he had had many obstacles in his life but we never discouraged him to make his dedications towards his family and disabled people…and I still have a deep heed towards his dedications…
After having experienced that unpleasant view during my travel, it seemed something is still lacking behind in the world of disabled people. I think the efforts buttons needs to be pushed harder, because disabled people needs opportunities, not sympathy. Never discourage them because discouragement will only help them plan to FAIL….

A Wistful Smile

Thoughts that always hover my mind keeps knocking…
Whenever I’m alone, flashes a crowd of memories,
Want to but cannot recall those days,
Except having a wistful smile on my face!

Feelings deep that I bestowed upon new relations,
Bonded in a spectacular way
Swayed over every little swine
In a very sophisticated way.
I want to have those moments back again,
But a sudden jerk strikes my mind,
To bring that wistful smile again.

Because past is past, I cannot have them back,
But memories often project on to my eyes,
Here, blinking eyes asks me to give it a spanking reaction,
And still I have nothing except a wistful smile…

Nepali Film Industry

At present, America has the most successful movie industry, Hollywood. After hollywood, comes the Indian cinema or Bollywood. Bollywood movies are popular in many south asian countries including Nepal. This heavy popularity of bollywood movies has caused serious damage to Nepalese film industry.
Movie making in Nepal started in the 1960's with the patronization from Royal Family. The first movie was "Satya Harishchandra",made by nepalese living in india in 1951. The first successful movie in Nepal was "Aama", produced by His Majesty's Government of Nepal. At the beginning, Nepalese film industry produced quite a number of successful movies like Basanti, Prem Pinda, Maitighar. In 2000, "Caravan" produced jointly by Nepal and France, was nominated for Academy Award.
Nepal movie industry has been operating for more than fifty years but these fifty years were not very smooth. There's high competition with the Indian movies industry. Comparing with bollywood in terms of quality, quantity, technical equipments and know-how, nepalese movie industry is considered as Goliath fighting against a David named 'Bollywood". Five years earlier, condition of the industry was quite good, it produced 55 movies per year. But now hardly 12-15 movies are poroduced at a nose-dive. There were 450 cinema halls out of which only hundreds are operating at present out of which only 11 are operating with permanent license, 38 with temporary and the rest are mobile or make-shift cinema houses. At present, investment per movie is between Rs.3 million and 10 milliopn, which is higher compared to the past. However, present day movie do not have good collection. In terms of making collection, the successful movie of Nepal was "Darpan Chhaya" released 8 years ago, it made a collection of 20 million.
In the past, to record songs a singer had to go to India. Now many music studios have sprung up in Nepal although they are not of that high quality but India is still preffered. Nepali film makers had to hire cameraman, dance directors, make-up man from india,although now the trend is being changed. Before editing, dubbing and mixing were done in India but now newly developed Nepal Film Development Company Ltd. has all the technical facilities. In the film industry of Nepal, the Film Development Company Ltd. is the only one with all the necessary infrastructure needed for film production. "Muna Madan" which was released 8 years ago is one of the recent example.